Chemical properties - argon symbol, electronic configuration, density

Argon

Description:
Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive. It also has uses in incandescent and fluorescent lighting, and other types of gas discharge tubes. It makes a distinctive blue-green gas laser.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Colorless gas
Atomic Number	18
Atomic Weight	39.948 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	−185.85 °C
CAS Number	7440-37-1
Class	2.2
Crystal Structure	Face-centered cubic
Density	1.784 g/l
EINECS Number	231-147-0
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Group	18
Ionization Energy	1520.6 KJ/mol
Melting Point	−189.35 °C
PG	NA
Period	3
RTECS Number	CF2300000
Symbol	Ar

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Chemical properties - Sulfur symbol, electronic configuration, density

Sulfur

Description:

Sulfur is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. It is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory materials for simple organisms. It is an important part of many enzymes and also in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned. The element's commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it, and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, a primary industrial chemical. Other well-known uses for the element are in matches, insecticides and fungicides.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Lemon Yellow Solid
Atomic Number	16
Atomic Weight	32.065 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	444.6 °C
CAS Number	7704-34-9
Class	4.1
Crystal Structure	Orthorhombic
Density	2.07 g/cm3
EINECS Number	231-722-6
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Group	16
IUPAC Name	Sulfur
InChI	1/S
InChIKey	NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYAI
Ionization Energy	999.6 KJ/mol
Melting Point	115.21 °C
Molar Mass	32.06 g/mol
Molecular Formula	S
Oxidation State	6,5,4,3,2,1,-1,-2
PG	3
Period	3
Symbol	S

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Chemical properties - Phosphorus symbol, electronic configuration, density

Phosphorus

Description:

Phosphorus is a multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group. It is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. It is thus an essential element for all living cells, and organisms tend to accumulate and concentrate it. Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil. It is widely used to make organophosphorus compounds. It is also an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products. Phosphates are utilized in the making of special glasses that are used for sodium lamps.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	White or red powder
Atomic Number	15
Atomic Weight	30.973 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	280.5 °C(white)
CAS Number	7723-14-0
Class	4.1
Density	1.823 g/cm3(white), 2.34g/cm3(red)
EINECS Number	231-768-7
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
Group	15
HS Code	28047000
Ionization Energy	1011.8 KJ/mol
Melting Point	44.2 °C(white)
Oxidation State	5,4,3,2,1,-1,-2,-3
PG	3
Period	3
RTECS Number	TH3495000
Symbol	P

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Chemical properties - silicon symbol, electronic configuration, density

  

Silicon

Description:

Silicon is the most common metalloid. It has many industrial uses. It is the principal component of most semiconductor devices, most importantly integrated circuits or microchips. It is widely used in semiconductors because it remains a semiconductor at higher temperatures than the semiconductor germanium and because its native oxide is easily grown in a furnace and forms a good semiconductor/dielectric interface. In the form of silica and silicates, silicon forms useful glasses, cements, and ceramics. It is also a constituent of silicones, a class-name for various synthetic plastic substances made of silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen, often confused with silicon itself. Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals. It is much more important to the metabolism of plants, particularly many grasses, and silicic acid forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic diatoms.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Grey lustrous solid or grey powder
Atomic Number	14
Atomic Weight	28.0855 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	3265 °C
CAS Number	7440-21-3
Class	4.1
Crystal Structure	Diamond cubic
Density	2.33 g/cm3
EINECS Number	231-130-8
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3p2
Group	14
Ionization Energy	786.5 kJ/mol
Melting Point	1414 °C
NFPA 704	H-2,F-2,R-1,C-NA
Oxidation State	4,3,2 ,1,-1,-2,-3,-4
PG	3
Period	3
RTECS Number	VW0400000
Symbol	Si

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Chemical properties - aluminium symbol, electronic configuration, density

Aluminium

Description:

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element, after oxygen and silicon. It is the most widely used non-ferrous metal. Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Silvery gray metallic solid
Atomic Number	13
Atomic Weight	26.9815 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	2519 °C
CAS Number	7429-90-5
Class	8
Crystal Structure	Face-centered cubic
Density	2.7 g/cm3
EINECS Number	231-072-3
Group	13
HS Code	76032000
Ionization Energy	577.5 kJ/mol
Melting Point	660.32 °C
Oxidation State	3,2,1
PG	3
Period	3
RTECS Number	BD0330000
Symbol	Al
Synonyms	Aluminum

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Chemical properties - Magnesium symbol, electronic configuration, density

Magnesium

Description:

Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and the seventh most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the human body; its ions are essential to all living cells, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. It is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids, and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required. The main applications of magnesium are, component of aluminium alloys, in die-casting, to remove sulfur in the production of iron and steel, the production of titanium in the Kroll process. Magnesium, in its purest form, can be compared with aluminium, and is strong and light, so it is used in several high volume part manufacturing applications, including automotive and truck components. The second application field of magnesium is electronic devices. Because of low weight, good mechanical and electrical properties, magnesium is widely used for manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. Magnesium's high burning temperature makes it a useful tool for starting emergency fires during outdoor recreation. Other uses include flash photography, flares, pyrotechnics and fireworks sparklers. It is also used in the form of turnings or ribbons, to prepare Grignard reagents, which are useful in organic synthesis.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Shiny Grey Solid
Atomic Number	12
Atomic Weight	24.305 g/mol
Block	s
Boiling Point	1091 °C
CAS Number	7439-95-4
Class	4.1
Crystal Structure	Hexagonal
Density	1.74 g/cm3
EINECS Number	231-104-6
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Group	2
HS Code	81049000
Ionization Energy	737.7 kJ/mol
Melting Point	650 °C
NFPA 704	H-0,F-1,R-1,C-NA
Oxidation State	2,1
PG	3
Period	3
RTECS Number	OM3756000
Symbol	Mg

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Chemical properties - Sodium symbol, electronic configuration, density

Sodium

Description:

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals within group 1.It is an essential element for all animal life and for some plant species. In animals, sodium ions are used in opposition to potassium ions, to allow the organism to build up an electrostatic charge on cell membranes, and thus allow transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is allowed to dissipate by a moving wave of voltage change.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Solid
Atomic Number	11
Block	S
Boiling Point	883 °C
CAS Number	7440-23-5
Density	0.97 g/cm3
EINECS Number	231-132-9
Electron Configuration	[Ne] 3s1
Group	1
Ionization Energy	495.8 kJ/mol
Melting Point	98 °C
Molar Mass	22.989 g/mol
Oxidation State	+1,0,-1
Period	3
Symbol	Na

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Chemical properties - Neon symbol, electronic configuration, density

Neon

Description:
Neon is a inert noble gas under standard conditions. It is commercially extracted from air, in which it is found in trace amounts. It is often used in signs and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. It is used in vacuum tubes, high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, television tubes, and helium-neon lasers.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Colorless gas
Atomic Number	10
Atomic Weight	20.1797 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	-246 °C
CAS Number	7440-01-9
Class	2.2
Crystal Structure	Face-centered cubic
Density	0.9002 g/l
EINECS Number	231-110-9
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p6
Group	18
Ionization Energy	2080.7 kJ/mol
Melting Point	-249 °C
PG	NA
Period	2
RTECS Number	QP4450000
Symbol	Ne

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Chemical properties - Fluorine symbol, electronic configuration, density

Fluorine

Description:

Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. Natural fluorine is monoisotopic, consisting of fluorine-19. It has found uses in studies of protein structures and conformational changes. Elemental fluorine is occasionally used as a fluorinating agent in industrial processes. The largest use for elemental fluorine is preparing uranium hexafluoride, used in the production of nuclear fuels. Other than those, elemental fluorine is used for the production of tetrafluoromethane, plasma etching in semiconductor manufacturing, flat panel display production, and microelectromechanical systems fabrication. Inorganic fluorides and organofluorine compounds, a fraction of which are prepared from elemental fluorine, find use in a variety of materials and chemicals, including important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, lubricants, and textiles. Hydrofluoric acid and certain fluoride-containing salts are useful etchants for glass. In the electrolysis of the metal and its purification, it acts to lower the melting point of aluminium oxide and acts like a powerful flux for glass. Perfluorooctanoic acid and tetrafluoroethylene are directly used in water resistant coatings and in the production of low friction plastics such as Teflon, or PTFE. Other fluorine-based compounds are used in the production of haloalkanes such as chlorofluorocarbons, which are used extensively in air conditioning and in refrigeration. They have been banned for these applications because they contribute to ozone destruction.

Chemical Properties.

Appearance	Pale Yellow Gas
Atomic Number	9
Atomic Weight	18.9984 g/mol
Block	p
Boiling Point	−188.12 °C
CAS Number	7782-41-4
Class	2.3
Crystal Structure	Cubic
Density	1.696 g/l
EINECS Number	231-954-8
Electron Configuration	1s2 2s2 2p5
Group	17
Ionization Energy	1681 kJ/mol
Melting Point	−219.62 °C
Oxidation State	−1
PG	NA
Period	2
Symbol	F

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